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1 ἥλιος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `sun' (Il.).Compounds: Several compp., a. o. as plant- and animals-names, e. g. ἡλιο-τρόπιον, - κάνθαρος (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 48 und 75, Wortstudien 11).Derivatives: ἡλιώτης ( ἠελ-), f. - τις `belonging to the sun' (S., AP), ἡλιακός ( ἁλ-) `id.' (hell.; cf. Chantraine Formation 393f.); ` Ηλιάδες f. pl. `daughters of the sun' (Parm., A. R. ; also sg. as adj. [Luc.]) with masc. ` Ηλιάδης `son of the sun' (Str., D. S.); s. Chantraine 356 u. 362f.; ἡλιώδης `sunlike' (Chaerem.), ` Ηλιών m. month name (Termessos), ἡλίτης ( λίθος Dam. Isid. 233; cf. Redard Les noms grec en - της 54). Denomin. verbs: 1. ἡλιόομαι `be in the sun, be sun-struck' (IA) with ἡλίωσις (Hp., Thphr.), - όω `expose to the sun' (Aët.). 2. ἡλιάζομαι `bake in the sun' (Arist.), - άζω `id.' (Str.) with ἡλίασις `exposure to the sun' (Gal., D. C.), ἡλιαστήριον `place in the sun' (Str., Pap.). 3. ἡλιάω `expose to the sun, be like the sun' (Arist.).Etymology: Cretan ἀβέλιος in H. (after Herakleid. Mil. Pamphyl.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 2, 667), i. e. ἀϜέλιος, points to an original *σᾱϜέλιος, differing from Skt. sū́rya- `sun' (beside sū́ra-) only in ablaut. Both languages have an l-stem, IE *sāu̯el-, * sūl- (cf. Skt. súvar n. \< *suu̯el; full grade also in Lith. sáulė, Welsh haul, zero grade e. g. in OIr. sūil `eye') with a personifiing i̯o-suffix. The basis is a neutral heteroclitic l-n-stem, still seen in Av. hvarǝ (= Skt. s(ú)var), gen. xvǝ̄ng (\< PIIr. *su̯an-s) and also seen in Germanic in the change between Goth. sauil, ONord. OE. sōl and Goth. sunno, OE. sunne ` sun'. Further see W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. sōl, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. sólnice. Connection with IE *su̯el- `burn' (s. εἵλη) is impossible. - In Etr. avil `year' Maresch Μνημης χάριν 2, 27f. proposes to see a loan from Gr. ἁϜέλιος.Page in Frisk: 1,631-632Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἥλιος
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2 κλῑβανος
κλί̄βανοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `potter's oven', prop. an earthenware or iron, on top less wide and with air-holes provided pot, where bread was baked; metaph. comparable objects: `pot to haul water, rock-hole etc.'(Hdt., Epich., LXX, pap., NT.)Other forms: also, prob. secondary (dissimilation?; Schwyzer 259), κρίβανος (Com.) m., κρίβανον n. (Str., Ael.).Derivatives: (mostly κλιβ-): κλιβάνιος, - ικός `baker's oven' (pap.), - ιον `oven for baking' (pap.), - ίτης ( ἄρτος) `in a κ. baked bread' (Com.; Redard Les noms grec en - της 89), κριβανωτός `in an oven baked bread' (Alcm. 20, Ar.), κριβάνας πλακοῦντάς τινας H.; κλιβανεύς `baker', - εῖον `bakery' (pap.). κλιβανάριος from Lat. clībanārius `armoured knight' (since IVp; from the soldiers language or after Aram. tanûr `oven, armour'?; cf. Schwyzer 39). - Hypostasis ἐπικλιβάνιος ( θεά) `ruling over the oven' (Karneades).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Technical LW [loanword] in - ανος (Chantraine Formation 200, Schwyzer 489f.); origin unknown. Acc. to Walde Lat. et. Wb.2 s. lībum to the Germ. word for `Laib bread', Goth. hlaifs etc. as loan from the north; against this (W.-)Hofmann s. v. Diff. hypotheses in Lewy Fremdw. 105f. (Semitic), and Mohl MSL 7, 403 (uralaltaic); further s. W.-Hofmann s. lībum. The word was taken over in Latin, where it seems to have a short i. Whether ρ or λ is original is unknown. Fur. 387 ρ and λ interchange in Pre-Greek, from where the word may well have come; baking bread was rather old. - The Latin word has nothing to do with the rest, but derives from Middle Pers. grībān `coat of arms' (cf. grīva-pāna- `neck-protector'); Rundgren, Orient. Suecana 6 (1957) 49f.Page in Frisk: 1,873Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κλῑβανος
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3 κτάομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `acquire, win', perf. `possess'.Other forms: Ion. ipf. ἐκτέετο (as v. l. Hdt. 8, 112), aor. κτήσασθαι (Il.), pass. κτηθῆναι (Th., E.), fut. κτήσομαι (posthom.), perf. ἔκτημαι, κέκτημαι (Hes., Att.),Derivatives: Also from the prefixcompp. (here not specif. noted): 1. Dat.pl. κτεάτεσσι (Hom., Pi., E.), sg. κτέαρ (hell.) `(acquired) goods, possessions, property' with κτεατίζω `acquire' (Il.), κτεατισμός (Man.; cod. κτεαν-). - 2. κτέανα n. pl., sec. a. rare - ον sg. `id.' (Hes., also Hp.), φιλο-κτεανώτατε voc. (A 122; Sommer Nominalkomp. 69), πολυ-κτέανος (Pi.). On κτεάτεσσι and κτέανα s. below. - 3. κτήματα n. pl. (Il.), also sg. (ο 19), `goods, landed property', also `domestic animals' (Chantraine Rev. de phil. 72, 5ff.), with κτημάτ-ιον (Alkiphr., pap.), - ίδιον (pap. VIp), - ικός `rich' (hell.), - ίτης `id.' (Lycurg.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 28); as 2. member a. o. in πολυ-κτήμων `rich in possessions' (Il.) with - μοσύνη (Poll.). - 4. κτήνεα, - νη n. pl., rarely - νος sg. `domestic animals' (esp. Ion., hell.), prob. directly from κτάομαι with νος-suffix (Chantraine Formation 420; very complicated hypothesis in Egli Heteroklisie 48 f.); from it κτηνηδόν `after the kind of animals' (Hdt.), κτηνύδριον (pap.); often as 1. member, e.g. κτηνο-τρόφος `cattle-keeper' (hell.). - 5. κτῆσις `acquisition, possession' (Il.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 82 ff.) with κτήσιος `regarding the possessions', Ζεὑς Κτήσιος as protector of possessions (IA.; Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 403 ff.); dimin. κτησ(ε) ίδιον (Arr.). - 6. κτεάτειρα f. `who possesses (fem.)' (A. Ag. 356), archaising after κτεάτεσσι a. o. for - κτήτειρα, - τρια (in προ-κτήτρια `former possessor', pap.) to κτήτωρ m. `possessor' (D. S., pap., Act. Ap.) with κτητορικός (pap.); details in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 29f., 1, 183 n. 1, Schwyzer 474 n. 3. - 7. Φιλο-κτή-της PN (Il.), compound from φίλος and κτάομαι with τη-suffix; Att. Φιλοσκήτης (Kretschmer Glotta 4, 351). -8. Verbal adjectives: κτητός `to acquire, acquired' (I 408; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,14); usu. ἐπίκτη-τος `also acquired, newly acquired' (IA.); κτητικός `of what was acquired' (Att.), cf. Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. grec 137. - 9. Unclear is ἀκτῆνες πένητες, ἠργηκότες (EM55, 11); after Solmsen Wortforsch. 143 prob. from *ἀ-κτη-ῆνες. Except the rare and relatively late attested present κτάομαι all forms have κτη-(ἔγκτασις hyperdoric after ἔμπᾱσις; s. πάσασθαι). Also κτεάτεσσι, κτέαρ go back to a heteroklitic *κτῆ-Ϝαρ, - Ϝατος; besides κτέανα as rest of the old oblique n-stem *κτη-Ϝαν-α, which gave sg. κτέανον, s. Schwyzer 519 n. 6, Egli Heteroklisie 32.Etymology: The oldcomparison with Indo-Iran. present Skt. kṣáyati = Av. xšayeiti, -te `rule, order, have power' is semantically unproblemtic, but formally already less convincing, as κτάομαι makes the inpression of being an innovation and the well established non-present forms of Greek have no Indo-Iran. agreements. A further problem was Skt. kṣáy-ati; this form does not continue *ksǝi̯eti; the solution is * ksH-ei-, which was unknown until recently; this solution can also be used to explain Skt. kṣa-trám - Av. xša-θ rǝm `rule'. The equation of κτάομαι `acquire' and Skt. kṣáyati is therefore less evident. Cf. LIV 334, 562; EWAia 426 -- Pok. 626.Page in Frisk: 2,31-33Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κτάομαι
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4 ἄσφαλτος
Grammatical information: f. (m.)Meaning: `asphalt, bitumen' (Hdt.).Other forms: - ον n.Derivatives: ἀσφάλτιον `treacle clover, Psoralea bituminosa' (Dsc.; after the smell, s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 62); ἀσφαλτῖτις `bituminous' ( βῶλος etc., Str., Redard Les noms grecs en - ίτης 108); ἀσφαλτωδεύομαι `cover with a.'. - ἀσφαλτόω `smear with a.' (LXX).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Generally taken as negative verbal adjective of σφάλλεσθαι, as the material that protects walls from σφάλλεσθαι. Diels KZ 47, 207ff., who finds no Semitic etymologies. For the `causative' meaning of the verbal adjective one compares ἀμέθυστος; still, this point makes the etymology weak. Chantr. notes `qui empêche de glisser, de tomber, le produit étant employé comme mortier (ce qui n'est pas à l'origine un procédé grec).' The etymology is improbable; rather a substr. word; Diels noted that sources occur everywhere, e.g. on Zakynthos and near Dyrrhachium..Page in Frisk: 1,174Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄσφαλτος
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5 ὄρνιξ
ὄρνιξ (so as nom., Athen. 9, 374d; Herodian Gramm. I p. 44, 7 L.; PCairZen 375, 1. The dat. pl., ὄρνιξι also PLond I, 131 recto, 125 p. 173; 202 p. 175 al. [78/79 A.D.]; s. Mayser 531.—On this Doric form s. Kühner-Bl. I 510; Thumb 90f; APF 4, 1908, 490; Crönert 174, 5; FRobert, Les noms des Oiseaux en grec ancien, diss. Basel 1911, 17; B-D-F §47, 4; DELG s.v. ὄρνις) Lk 13:34 v.l. for the Att. ὄρνις, q.v. W-S. §9, 10; Mlt-H. 130f; 133.—M-M. -
6 νέμω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `deal out, dispense, distribute (among themselves, possess, inhabit, manage, pasture, consume, devour'.Other forms: - ομαι, aor. νεῖμαι (Il.), - ασθαι, pass. νεμηθῆναι, fut. νεμῶ, - οῦμαι (Ion. - έομαι, late - ήσω, - ήσομαι), perf. νενέμηκα,- ημαι (Att. etc.).Derivatives: Several derivv: A. νομή f. `pasture', metaph. `spreading', e.g. of an ulcer, `distribution' (IA.), `possession, possessio' (hell.). With ἐπι-, προ-νομή etc. from ἐπι-, προ-νέμειν, - εσθαι etc. Also νομός m. `*place of) pasture' (Il.), `habitation' (Pi., Hdt., S.), `province' (Hdt., D. S., Str.). From νομή or νομός (not always with certainty to be distinguished): 1. νομάς, - άδος `roaming the pasture', subst. pl. `pastoral people, nomads' (IA.), as PN `Numidians' (Plb.); from this νομαδ-ικός `roaming, belonging to pastoral peoples, Numidian' (Arist.), - ίτης `id.' (Suid.), - ίαι f. pl. `pasture' with - ιαῖος (Peripl. M. Rubr.). -- 2. νομεύς m. `herdsman' (II.), also `distributor' (Pl.), pl. `ribs of a ship' (Hdt.); from this (or from νομός?) νομεύω `pasture' (Il.) with νόμευ-μα n. `herd' (A.), - τικός `belonging to pasturage' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 135 u. 137); διανομ-εύς (: διανομή), προνομ-εύω (: προ-νομή) etc. -- 3. νόμιος `regarding the pasture', also as adjunct of several gods (Pi., Ar., Call.); cf. on νόμος; νομαῖος `id.' (Nic., Call.); νομώδης `spreading', of an ulcer (medic.). -- 4. νομάζω, - ομαι `pasture' (Nic.). -- B. νόμος m. `custom, usage, law, composition' (since Hes.) with several compp., e.g. Ἔννομος PN (Il.), εὔ-νομος `with good laws' (Pi.) with εὑνομ-ίη, - ία `good laws' (since ρ 487; on the meaning Andrewes Class Quart. 32, 89 ff.). From νόμος: 1. adj. νόμιμος `usual, lawful' (IA.; extens. Arbenz 72ff.) with νομιμότης f. (Iamb.); νομικός `regarding the laws, forensic, lawyer' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 132); νόμαιος = νόμιμος (Ion. a. late); νόμιος `id.' (Locris; cf. on νομός). -- 2. Verb νομίζω, rarely w. prefix, e.g. συν-, κατα-, `use customarily, use to, recognize, believe' (IA., Dor.; Fournier Les verbes "dire" passim) with νόμισις f. `belief' (Th.), νόμισμα n. `use, recognized belief, (valid) coin' (IA.), - άτιον dimin. (Poll.); νομιστός `generally recognized' with νομιστεύομαι `be generally valid' (Plb.), also νομιτεύομαι `id., use' (hell. a. late inscr.; cf. θεμι(σ)-τεύω). -- C. νεμέτωρ, - ορος m. `dispensor (of justice), avenger' (A. Th. 485); νέμησις f., also ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι- etc. from ἀπο-νέμω etc., `distribution' (Is., Arist.); νεμ-ητής = νεμέτωρ (Poll.) with - ήτρια f. (inscr. Rom, IVp); uncertain Νεμήϊος surname of Zeus (Archyt. ap. Stob.); perh. for Νέμειος (from Νεμέα). On νέμεσις s. v. -- D. Deverbatives: νεμέθω, - ομαι `pasture' (Λ 635, Nic.); νωμάω, - ῆσαι also with ἐπι-, ἀμφι-, προσ-, `distribute, maintain, observe' (Il., Hdt.; Schwyzer 719, Risch Gnomon 24, 82) with νώμ-ησις (Pl. Cra. 41 1d), - ήτωρ `distributor, maintainer etc.' (Man., Nonn.).Etymology: The whole Greek system including ablauting νομή, νόμος, νομός is built on the present νέμω. The full grade νεμέ-τωρ, νέμε-σις, νέμη-σις a.o. follow wellknown patterns ( γενέ-τωρ γένε-σις u.a.; but these are disyllabic roots); an agreeing zero grade fails. There never existed a "disyllabic root" e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 11). -- The widespread meanings of νέμω plus derivations provide a problem, which has hardly been definitely solved; Benveniste Noms d'agent 79 rightly stresses the idea of lawfull, regular, which characterizes the verb νέμω ("partager légalement, faire une attribution régulière"). Further lit.: E. Laroche Histoire de la racine nem- en grec ancien (Paris 1949; Études et Comm.VI); on νόμος esp. Stier Phil. 83, 224ff., Pohlenz Phil. 97, 135ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 260, Bolelli Stud. itfilcl. N.S.24, 110f.; on νομή, - ός Wilhelm Glotta 24, 133ff. (ἐν χειρῶν νομῳ̃, - αῖς). -- Of non-Greek words, that are interesting for the etymology, the Germanic verb for `take' agrees best to νέμω, Goth. niman etc.; further Latv. ńęmu, ńem̂t `take' (with secondary palatalisation of the anlaut). One might mention several nouns, which tell nothing for Greek: Av. nǝmah- n. `loan', Lat. numerus `number etc.', OIr. nem f. `gift' (cf. Gift: geben; also δόσις), Lith. nùoma f. `rent' (vowel as in νω-μάω). -- The with νέμω also formally identical verb Skt. námati `bow, bend' can only be combined with uncontrollable hypotheses. After Laroche (s. above) p. 263 νέμω would prop be. `faire le geste de se pencher en tendant la main'. -- Lit. and further details in WP. 2, 330f., Pok. 763 f., W.-Hofmann s. numerus and nummus (from νόμιμος?), also emō, Fraenkel Wb. s. núoma(s), and nãmas, Mayrhofer s. námati. Cf. also νέμος.Page in Frisk: 2, 302Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέμω
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